Background: Earthquake is one of the most important natural disasters that can destroy human settlements in a very short time. According to the researches, the first 24 hours after earthquakes is the golden time to help the affected people because there is the greatest chance of the victims’ survival of the disasters. However, the dispatch of relief and rescue teams to the more vulnerable areas will reduce the number of casualties and injuries. For achieving these goals, it is necessary to identify the vulnerability map of the studied area in order to send the relief workers with prior knowledge to the area in earthquake occurrence as soon as possible. Method: This research is used the multi criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach based on spatial information system with the aim of identifying the most important factors exacerbating the earthquake induced vulnerability in district 1 of Tehran and providing a vulnerability map. The framework of MCDM includes environmental and manmade factors. The input bases map were provided in binary form based on vulnerability or damage to the different areas. At the end, two methods of Boolean and Index Overlay were used in order to combine the layers. Findings: The results show that 12% of the total study area is classified in high vulnerability group; 45% in the middle group and the rest of the region (about 43%) in the low vulnerability group. In addition, the results showed that Darband area and its surrounding streets are considered as the most vulnerable parts of the first district of Tehran after earthquake regarding the research methods. This is because all vulnerability indicators in this area were undesirable. Depending on the vulnerability map, it is needed to extend the streets and passages in the central parts of the region due to the lack of transportation in the north of the study area and to establish standard roads in the northern parts of district 1of Tehran. Moreover, in order to prevent disasters all standards must be observed during construction due to the geological map prepared and the vulnerability of the major part of this region. Conclusion: According to the results, management plans must be made before the earthquake in order to reduce vulnerability in high vulnerability areas including providing the optimal relief and care centers than crisis and vulnerable centers also applying building standards especially in the adjacent areas of the passageways. After the earthquake, relief workers should be sent to the vulnerable areas with prior knowledge of the affected area and using vulnerability maps.

Unplanned operation and excessive extraction of groundwater in coastal areas increases the risk of seawater intrusion; so water quality monitoring and management in these areas are of great importance. In this study, an optimal monitoring network with minimum number of wells in Talesh coastal aquifer is designed according to the aquifer vulnerability map and evaluation of the accuracy of monitoring network. In this regard, the aquifer vulnerability map was prepared using the modified DRASTIC index; and genetic algorithm was used to optimize the monitoring network. Three objectives were used in the optimization model including (1) maximizing the correlation between vulnerability index and EC values, (2) minimizing the number of monitoring wells, and (3) maximizing the Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency. NS, represented the match between the calculated EC distribution obtained from existing monitoring wells and those wells from the newly generated network. Applying the weighting factor w for economic objective, the three above-mentioned objectives are integrated in a single objective function and different weights of w were evaluated. The results showed that the selection of an optimal solution greatly depends on the weighting coefficient w and the best weight was selected according to the vulnerability index and the accuracy of monitoring network. Due to long-term quantitative and qualitative changes in groundwater, it is better to periodically evaluate and redesign groundwater quality monitoring network so that the network could effectively use in planning and applying methods to improve groundwater quality.

Background: Community vulnerability is influenced by the low participation of the community in Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN). PSN is an activity done by society independently in their respective environment to eliminate mosquito-breeding places by 3 M (Menguras, Menutup, Mengubur). We aimed to prove the relationship between knowledge and practice of the community in PSN with the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), beside to describe the map of vulnerability of the community in endemic areas of DHF. Methods: This study used case control design. The population of this research is the community in the area of Puskesmas Kembaran 1 and 2. The samples were taken from Bojongsari villageas, Banyumas districtis, Indonesia one of the endemic areas of DHF from Jan 2014-Dec 2015. The number of samples was 62 respondents. Results: The community in endemic areas of knowledge about dengue was mostly good (55%) but in practice PSN was mostly less (56%). There was no correlation of knowledge with the incidence of DHF (P=0. 444) and there was an association of DHF occurrence with PSN practice (P=0. 010) and the vulnerability map showing many negative DHF residents living close to dengue cases. Conclusion: Community vulnerability in DHF endemic areas is dominated by densely populated settlements, Slum environmental conditions, and PSN practices are lacking. Mobilization of all components of the communityis required to participate in prevention of DHF.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.

A flood vulnerability map is a comprehensive tool for predicting and preventing the destructive effects of floods worldwide, especially in areas with a history of recurrent floods. These maps have not been prepared for many River Basin in developing countries and do not currently exist. As there is still a lack of proper understanding of the main factors contributing to flooding, this hazard remains an unresolved issue on a global scale. This research aims to provide insights into the parameters contributing to flooding and their impacts on flood vulnerability in the Alamut-Rood River Basin, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ArcGIS Pro software. As the result, four parameters were identified as factors influencing the occurrence of floods in the Alamut-Rood River Basin, namely distance from the river, annual rainfall, slope, and land use. These parameters were prepared in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and after creating a pairwise matrix and conducting ranking, the final weights of the factors were determined. By combining all these flood-causing parameters based on their weights and rankings, a flood hazard zoning map was generated. Based on this, the study area was classified into five hazard zones. 7. 3% and 8. 2% of the watershed area were classified as very high and high hazard zones respectively. This map was accurately evaluated using historical flood data collected in the study area and by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) statistical evaluation method, and the results confirmed the high accuracy of the produced map. The findings of this research can contribute to gaining a proper understanding of the current flood issue in this River Basin, identifying its underlying causes, and developing effective water management plans.

Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is found wherever human is in direct or indirect contact with Leptospira bacteria thorough infected animals as well as contaminated soil or water. The disease is mostly found in tropical, subtropical, hot, and humid areas. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the seasonality relations between the topographical and climate factors, including altitude, slope, vegetation, average temperature, average humidity, precipitation and number of freezing days and incidence of Leptospirosis as well as modelling of Leptospirosis using support vector machine at the district level in Northern provinces of Iran. Pearson’ s correlation analysis was conducted to examine the type and strength of relationships between the topographical and climate variables and Leptospirosis incidence. Results of Pearson’ s correlation analysis indicate that average humidity, average temperature and rainfall were the most influential environmental factors which as effect on prevalence of Leptospirosis in the study area. Statistical analysis showed that most cases of the Leptospirosis prevalence have been recorded in the late spring and summer. On the other hand, the lowest incidences have occurred in winter. Also, high distribution of leptospirosis mainly located in the central areas of Guilan province, the eastern parts of Mazandaran province and western regions of Golestan province with a mild and humid climate and abundant rainfall. Eventually, performance of support vector machine (SVM) model evaluated by area under the ROC curve. The output maps showed that SVM model has excellent performance in the vulnerability mapping of Leptospirosis.

One of the causes of environmental hazards is the change in the pattern of surface water flow in floodplains following the construction of flood Spreading networks. The purpose of this study is to prepare a zoning map of vulnerable areas of the flood Spreading station of Musian plain  in Ilam province after the implementation of the aquifer project in this plain. To prepare this map, five factors influencing the change in flow pattern including elevation, slope, flow direction, geological formations, and landuse change were examined. Then, in the GIS environment, each class of the mentioned factors was given a score of zero to 10 based on the range and the corresponding weight layers were created. Then, by combining the created weight layers, the vulnerability zoning map of the area was created based on 5 classes: very low, low, medium, high and very high. The results showed that the most important threat and danger factor is the concentration of waterways behind erosion-sensitive embankments. Also, the study area in terms of vulnerability includes three classes with medium risk, high and very high and covers 16, 62 and 22% of the area, respectively. Flood and upland Spreading areas, risk areas and lowland lands are the most vulnerable parts of the basin in terms of floods and sedimentary deposits.

DRASTIC model has been used to map groundwater vulnerability to pollution in many areas. Since this method is used in different places without any changes, it cannot consider the effects of pollution type and characteristics. Therefore, the method needs to be calibrated and corrected for a specific aquifer and pollution. In the present research, the rates of DRASTIC parameters have been corrected so that the vulnerability potential to pollution can be assessed more accurately. The new rates were computed using the relationships between each parameter and the nitrate concentration in the groundwater. The proposed methodology was applied to Astaneh aquifer located in north of Iran. Samples from groundwater wells were analyzed for nitrate content in thirteen locations. The measured nitrate concentration values were used to correlate the pollution potential in the aquifer to DRASTIC index. Pearson correlation was used to find the relationship between the index and the measured pollution in each point and, therefore, to modify the rates. The results showed that the modified DRASTIC is better than the original method for nonpoint source pollutions in agricultural areas. For the modified model, the correlation coefficient between vulnerability index and nitrate concentration was 68 percent that was substantially higher than 23 percent obtained for the original model.

Dear Editor-in-Chief: The distribution of the Aedesaegypti vector by carrying single-stranded RNA viruses from four serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4) is increasingly widespread and causes clinical or sub-clinical severity (1). . .

Background and Purpose: In recent decades, there has been a concerning increase in the prevalence and diversity of substance use problems in all countries of the world. Emphasizing the importance of prevention, this study aims to identify factors that increase vulnerability to addiction and to model the causal relationship of adolescent vulnerability to addiction based on affective-emotional temperaments, considering the mediating role of sensitivity to rejection. Method: This study employed a descriptive–correlational design using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all all secondary school students (10th, 11th, and 12th grades with an age range of 16-19 years) studying in Osku city in the 2023-2024 academic year. Therefore, 465 individuals were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to the Identifying People in Risk of Addiction Questionnaire (I.P.R.A.) by Anisi (2013), Affective and Emotional Temperament Scale (AFECT; Lara et al. 2012), and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ; Downey and Feldman, 1996). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation methods and structural equation modeling with SPSS-23 and SmartPLS-3. Results: Structural equation modeling results revealed that emotional temperament (R = 0.283, p = 0.000), affective temperament (R = 0.267, p = 0.000), and rejection sensitivity (R = 0.377, p = 0.000) have a positive and significant relationship with vulnerability to addiction. Moreover, the results indicated that emotional temperament (β = 0.267, p ≤ 0.01), affective temperament (β = 0.283, p ≤ 0.001), and rejection sensitivity (β = 0.657, p ≤ 0.01) had significant direct positive effects on addiction vulnerability. Emotional temperament also indirectly influenced addiction vulnerability through rejection sensitivity (β = 0.113, p ≤ 0.01) and emotional temperament has an indirect effect on vulnerability to addiction through rejection sensitivity (P ≥0.01; ß=0.515). In conclusion, the results showed that the proposed model has a goodness-of-fit indices. Conclusion: The results of this research have important implications for using the proposed model to identify adolescents at risk of addiction. It can be utilized to design preventive interventions aimed at reducing vulnerability to addiction among students.